The concept of One Health has emerged as a critical framework for understanding and addressing the intricate linkages between human, animal, and environmental health.

Among the various aspects of One Health, zoonotic diseases—illnesses transmitted from animals to humans—pose a significant challenge. Seventy-five per cent of new human diseases are zoonotic (Zoonoses – animal diseases that can infect people (nsw.gov.au)).

This thought piece delves into the impact of zoonotic diseases on human health, emphasising the necessity for a One Health approach to mitigate these risks, with a focus on the roles of biosecurity and workplace health and safety (WH&S).

Zoonotic diseases are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi that are transmitted between animals and humans. Examples include well-known diseases like rabies, avian influenza, and Lyme disease, as well as emerging threats like Ebola, Zika, and COVID-19. These diseases can spread through direct contact with animals, consumption of contaminated food or water, or through vectors like mosquitoes and ticks.

Biosecurity measures are essential in preventing the introduction and spread of zoonotic diseases. Effective biosecurity involves controlling the movement of animals, enforcing quarantine protocols, and vaccination and ensuring proper sanitation and hygiene practices in animal handling and farming. These measures can significantly reduce the risk of zoonotic pathogens crossing the species barrier. For example, stringent biosecurity practices in poultry farms can prevent outbreaks of avian influenza, protecting both animal and human health.



Workplace health and safety (WH&S) protocols are critical in environments where humans interact closely with animals. These protocols include personal protective equipment (PPE), proper training for handling animals, and regular health checks and vaccinations for workers. Ensuring that workers in veterinary clinics, farms, and wildlife reserves adhere to WH&S guidelines can prevent zoonotic disease transmission and safeguard public health. Furthermore, WH&S practices can help mitigate the risks associated with laboratory research involving zoonotic pathogens, ensuring a safe working environment for scientists.

Addressing the challenge of zoonotic diseases requires a holistic and collaborative approach. One Health emphasises the interdependence of human, animal, and environmental health and promotes coordinated efforts across various sectors. This approach involves:

1. Surveillance and Monitoring: Monitoring wildlife populations and environmental changes that could signal emerging risks.  Regular monitoring and vaccinations of livestock.
2. Education and Awareness: Raising awareness about the risks of zoonotic diseases and promoting behaviours that reduce transmission. Public education campaigns can help communities understand how to protect themselves and their animals. 
3. Biosecurity and WH&S: Incorporating biosecurity and WH&S measures into everyday practices. This includes enforcing strict hygiene protocols, ensuring the proper use of PPE, and providing training to those in high-risk environments.
4. Research and Innovation: Investing in research to develop new diagnostics, treatments, and vaccines.  Understanding the ecology of zoonotic pathogens can lead to innovative solutions to prevent and manage outbreaks.



The threat of zoonotic diseases underscores the importance of a One Health approach in safeguarding global health. By recognising the interconnectedness of humans, animals, and the environment, we can develop more effective strategies to prevent, detect, and respond to these diseases. Incorporating biosecurity and WH&S measures into these strategies is crucial. Collaborative efforts across disciplines and sectors are essential to mitigate the health, economic, and social impacts of zoonotic diseases, ensuring a healthier future for all.